# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

#    OriginDB
#    Copyright (C) 2010  Brian Plattenburg <alphastryk@gmail.com>
#    Copyright (C) 2010  Jason Power <power.jg@gmail.com>
#    Copyright (C) 2010  Travis Gockel <travis@gockelhut.com>
#
#    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
#    with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
#    51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

references = [
"""---
abstract: ''
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Miller, Stanley L.']
issue: !!python/long '3046'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'SCIENCE'
title: !!python/unicode 'A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth
  Conditions'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '1953'


""",
"""---
abstract: ''
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Oro, J.']
issue: !!python/long '4794'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'NATURE'
title: !!python/unicode 'Mechanism of synthesis of adenine from hydrogen cyanide under
  possible primitive Earth conditions.'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '1961'


""",
"""---
abstract: 'The formation of complex organic molecules in a reactor filled withgaseous
  mixtures possibly reproducing the primitive terrestrialatmosphere and ocean demonstrated
  more than 50 years ago that inorganicsynthesis of prebiotic molecules is possible,
  provided that some formof energy is provided to the system. After that groundbreakingexperiment,
  gas-phase prebiotic molecules have been observed in a widevariety of extraterrestrial
  objects (including interstellar clouds,comets and planetary atmospheres) where the
  physical conditions varywidely. A thorough characterization of the chemical evolution
  of thoseobjects relies on a multi-disciplinary approach: 1) observations allowus
  to identify the molecules and their number densities as they arenowadays; 2) the
  chemistry which lies behind their formation startingfrom atoms and simple molecules
  is accounted for by complex reactionnetworks; 3) for a realistic modeling of such
  networks, a number ofexperimental parameters are needed and, therefore, the relevantmolecular
  processes should be fully characterized in laboratoryexperiments. A survey of the
  available literature reveals, however,that much information is still lacking if
  it is true that only a smallpercentage of the elementary reactions considered in
  the models havebeen characterized in laboratory experiments. New experimentalapproaches
  to characterize the relevant elementary reactions inlaboratory are presented and
  the implications of the results arediscussed.'
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Balucani , Nadia']
issue: !!python/long '5'
pageEnd: !!python/long '2305'
pageStart: !!python/long '2304'
source: !!python/unicode 'INT J MOL SCI'
title: !!python/unicode 'Elementary Reactions and Their Role in Gas-phase Prebiotic
  Chemistry'
volume: !!python/long '10'
year: !!python/long '2009'


""",
"""---
abstract: ''
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Kawamura, K', !!python/unicode 'Takeya, H', !!python/unicode 'Kushibe,
    T']
issue: !!python/long '2'
pageEnd: !!python/long '275'
pageStart: !!python/long '267'
source: !!python/unicode 'ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH'
title: !!python/unicode 'Effect of Condensation Agents and Minerals for Oligopeptide
  Formation Under Mild and Hydrothermal Conditions in Related to Chemical Evolution
  of Proteins'
volume: !!python/long '44'
year: !!python/long '2009'


""",
"""---
abstract: The carbonyldiimidazole-inducedoligomerizations of aspartic acid, glutamic
  acid and O-phospho-serineare amongst the most efficient reported syntheses of biopolymers
  inaqueous solution. The dependence of the yields of products on theconcentrations
  of reagents, the temperature and the enantiomericcomposition of the substrate amino
  acids are reported. Catalysis bymetal ions, particularly by Mg2+, is described.
  Thesereactions do not generate significant amounts of material in thesize-range
  of several tens of residues that are thought to be neededfor a polymer to function
  as a genetic material.
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Hil, Aubrey R.', !!python/unicode 'Orgel, Leslie E.']
issue: !!python/long '6'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'ORIGINS OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF BIOSPHERES'
title: !!python/unicode 'Oligomerization of negatively-charged amino acids by carbonyldiimidazole'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '1996'


""",
"""---
abstract: ''
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Bassez, M.', !!python/unicode 'Takano, Y.', !!python/unicode 'Ohkouchi,
    N.', !!python/unicode '']
issue: !!python/long '7'
pageEnd: !!python/long '2998'
pageStart: !!python/long '2968'
source: !!python/unicode 'INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCESA'
title: !!python/unicode 'Organic Analysis of Peridotite Rocks from the Ashadze and
  Logatchev Hydrothermal Sites'
volume: !!python/long '10'
year: !!python/long '2009'


""",
"""---
abstract: ''
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Switzer, Christopher', !!python/unicode '']
issue: !!python/long '0'
pageEnd: !!python/long '0'
pageStart: !!python/long '0'
source: !!python/unicode 'CHEMBIOCHEM'
title: !!python/unicode 'A Missing Prebiotic Link: Discovery of a Plausible Synthesis
  of Pyrimidine Nucleotides'
volume: !!python/long '1'
year: !!python/long '2009'


""",
"""---
abstract: The discovery of catalytic RNA has revolutionised modern molecularbiology
  and bears important implications for the origin of Liferesearch. Catalytic RNA,
  in particular self-replicating RNA, promptedthe hypothesis of an early "RNA world"
  where RNA molecules played allmajor roles such information storage and catalysis.
  The actual role ofRNA as primary actor in the origin of life has been under debate
  for along time, with a particular emphasis on possible pathways to theprebiotic
  synthesis of mononucleotides; their polymerization and thepossibility of spontaneous
  emergence of catalytic RNAs synthesisedunder plausible prebiotic conditions. However,
  little emphasis has beenput on the chemical reality of an RNA world; in particular
  concerningthe chemical constrains that such scenario should have met to be feasible.
  This paper intends to address those concerns with regard to the achievement of high
  local RNA molecules concentration and the aetiology of unique sequence under plausible
  prebiotic conditions.
authors: [!!python/unicode 'De Lucrezia, D.', !!python/unicode 'Chiarabelli, C.']
issue: !!python/long '4'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'ORIGINS OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE: THE JOURNAL
  OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE'
title: !!python/unicode 'Question 5: On the Chemical Reality of the RNA World'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '2007'


""",
"""---
abstract: 'All the strategies for the prebiotic syntheses of RNA and DNA assume the
  adequate availability         of the presumptive precursors such as purine and pyrimidine
  nucleic bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. Polymerization of activated nucleotides
  probably furnished the first informational oligonucleotides. The formation of these
  precursors from mixtures of simple gases was shown to occur in a variety of conditions
  including UV-irradiation, electric discharge, heating, volcanic activity and marine
  vents. Even though a well-defined physical chemical scenario on the primitive Earth
  is not available, prebiotic syntheses were most probably performed using the simplest
  chemicals and the most common conditions present at that time. During these synthetic
  processes minerals played the relevant role of catalysts furnishing local microenvironments
  for the selective concentration of reagents and for the preservation of newly formed
  products. Here we focus on the optimal experimental conditions needed to carry out
  these syntheses and on the characterization of the major products thus obtained.
  Special attention will be addressed to catalyzed processes. Taken together, these
  procedures and data suggest novel scenarios for the molecular evolution of life
  on the primitive Earth and may provide a chemical clue to the evaluation of the
  plausible emergence of extraterrestrial forms of life.                  '
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Saladino, R.', !!python/unicode 'Crestini, C.', !!python/unicode 'Costanzo,
    G.', !!python/unicode 'DiMauro, E.']
issue: !!python/long '0'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'TOPICS IN CURRENT CHEMISTRY'
title: !!python/unicode 'On the Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucleobases, Nucleotides, Oligonucleoticles,
  Pre-RNA and Pre-DNA Molecules'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '2005'


""",
"""---
abstract: Sonochemical processes are known to occur in nature and have occurredever
  since there was liquid water on Earth. We advance a hypothesis that complex carbonaceous
  compounds, the probable precursors of life,were produced from simple primordial
  molecules by sonochemica lprocesses in breaking waves of primordial seas or oceans.
  Our calculations show that these processes were much more common on Earth than other
  pathways, suggested for the formation of prebiotic complex carbonaceous compounds.
  The high occurrence rate of sonochemical events in breaking sea waves and the qualitative
  difference between sonochemical processes and other shock phenomena might have enabled
  formation of a variety of complex carbonaceous compounds, including amino acids,
  nucleotides and nucleosides, the precursors of RNA or DNA.(c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.
  All rights reserved.
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Ben-Amots, N.', !!python/unicode 'Anbar, M.']
issue: !!python/long '5'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY'
title: !!python/unicode 'Sonochemistry on Primordial Earth - Its Potential Role in
  Prebiotic Molecular Evolution'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '2007'


""",
"""---
abstract: 'Formamide chemistry provides a unitary system by gathering all of the precursors
  needed to synthesise pregenetic informational polymers in a single milieu. This
  is not observed with HCN chemistry. With common catalysts, formamide affords all
  of the precursor nucleobases, photochemically condenses into acyclonucleosides,
  favours transphosphorylation and enhances micellar aggregation of surfactants.Also,
  formamide provides a set of physicochemical conditions that thermodynamically favour
  the polymeric state of nucleotides over themonomers. In the origin-of-informational-polymers
  scenario, formamide acts in every step, the least characterised being the set of
  its reactions with phosphates. On this matter, we report two complementarysets of
  results: 1) the synthesis of prebiotic precursors from formamide, which are catalysed
  by soluble and mineral phosphates - we observed the formation of rich mixtures that
  include uracil, 9H-purine,cytosine, dihydrouracil, hypoxanthine, adenosine, urea,
  parabanic acid,the amino acid N-formylglycine and the peptide-condensing agentcarbodiimide;
  and 2) the protection of ribo- and deoxyribophosphoesterbonds by phosphates. The
  relevance of these effects with respect to the origin of informational polymers
  is discussed.'
authors: [!!python/unicode 'Saladino, R.', !!python/unicode 'Neri, V.', !!python/unicode 'Ciciriello,
    F.', !!python/unicode 'Costanzo, G.', !!python/unicode 'Di Mauro, E.']
issue: !!python/long '11'
pageEnd: null
pageStart: null
source: !!python/unicode 'CHEMBIOCHEM'
title: !!python/unicode 'Origin of Informational Polymers: The Concurrent Roles of
  Formamide and Phosphates'
volume: !!python/long '0'
year: !!python/long '2006'

"""]